FGM National Clinical Group

 

 

 

 

The FGM NCG

What is FGM?

History & Cultural Issues

Incidence & Prevalence

FGM Treatment

References

 
 

Risks & complications

 

Physical

 

* Fractures of the  limbs from being forcibly restrained.

* Failure to heal.

* Wound ulcer.

* Wound abscess.

* Urine infection.

* HIV/AIDS.

* Scar neuroma.

* Painful intercourse.

 

 

Psychological complications

 

* Acute trauma.

* Low self-esteem.

* Denial of sexuality and emphasis on reproductive.

* Genital phobia.

* Anxiety-depression.

 

 

Immediate complications

 

* Haemorrhage.

* Pain.

* Shock.

* Infection.

* Damage to other organs due to child struggling.

* Urinary Retention.

* Death.

 

 

Intermediate Complications

 

* Delayed wound healing.

* Scarring/Keloid formation.

* Pelvic Infection.

* Epidemoid cysts/Abscess.

* Infection  including tetanus and other blood borne viruses.

* Neuromata.

 

 

Long term complication

 

* Chronic vaginal and pelvic infections which can lead to infertility.

* Difficulty passing urine due to the scar/ Urine tract infections.

* Painful and prolonged periods due to vaginal closure by the scar.

* Haemotocolpos: Vaginal closure due to scarring can lead to the impaired flow of menstrual tract infection.

* Childbirth trauma - perineal or vaginal tear during delivery.

* Delay in progress in second stage of labour.

* Obstructed labour.

* Fetal hypoxia and/or stillbirth.

* Painful coitus.

* Infibulation cysts. These cysts are either sebaceous or dermoid cysts caused by the skin tissue becoming trapped in the scar. They can vary in size but may be as large as a grapefruit and frequently become infected.

* Psychological problems (such as flash-back, anxiety and depression).

 

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